Passage 3
Before the 1870´s, trained nurses were virtually unknown in the United States, Hospital nursing was an unskilled occupation taken up by women of the lower classes, some of whom were conscripted from the penitentiary or the almshouse. The movement for reform originated not with doctors, but among upper-class women, who had taken on the role of guardians of a new hygienic order. Though some doctors approved of the women´s desire to establish a nurses training school, which would attract the daughters of the middle class, other medical men were opposed. Plainly threatened by the prospect, they objected that educated nurses would not do as they were told-a remarkable comment on the status anxieties of nineteenth-century physicians. But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians´ approval: When resisted, as they were at Bellevue in efforts to install trained nurses on the maternity wards, they went over the heads of the doctors to men of their own class of greater power and authority. (Florence Nightingale, who had friends high in the English government, had followed exactly the same course in reforming beer country´s military hospitals.) Professional nursing, in short, emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first.209
11. Which of the following the best title for the passage?
A. Public Hygiene in the United States
B. Florence Nightingale: A Nurse´s Story
C. The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States
D. Health Care in Upper and Lower-Class Neighborhoods
12. According to the passage, nurses in the United States in the 1850´s could best be described as
A. poor, untrained womenB. young medical students
C. wives of military officersD. middle-class men and women
13. The author states that the first advocates of nursing training in the United States were
A. medical menB. upper-class women
C. professional nursesD. military commanders
14. Why does the author mention Florence Nightingale?
A. To describe the career of a pioneer of United States medicine
B. To show that women doctors supported the effort to upgrade nursing
C. To prove that conditions differed in military and civilian hospitals
D. To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers
15. In line 24, the word “outsiders” refers to people who
A. had been rejected by society
B. were not part of the medical establishment
C. had been severely injured in military combat
D. were not citizens of the United States
11.【答案】C
【解析】The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States；本文从头到尾讲的全是美国上层妇女为建立护士教育而进行的斗争。略读一遍，读懂大意，即可得出正确答案为C。
12.【答案】A
【解析】poor, untrained women；本文第二句描述的1870年代以前的护士，是unskilled，来自lower classes的妇女。这意味着她们是未受过训练的贫穷妇女。（北京安通学校提供）
13.【答案】B
【解析】upper-class women本文第三句中的The movement for reform是指要求改革当时的护理状况，进行护理训练。即使不认识originated和advocate这两个词，也可据此猜出正确答案为B。
14.【答案】D
【解析】To show the similarity of her tactics to those used by United States reformers；文末括号中关于Nightingale的这一句明确指出，她采取了与美国改革者们完全一样的做法，故正确答案为。
15.【答案】B
【解析】were not part of the medical establishment；大体读懂最后一句，即可看出这里的outsiders是指医务界以外的人，故正确答案为B。
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