that they nearly doubled the population of Hampshire County, Massachusetts.
C D
PART THREE READING
People living today in the northwestern state of Washington who have many sources
of news in addition to newspapers must stretch their imaginations to understand the
importance of the press during much of the state's history. Beginning in 1852 with
The Cohumblan. the first paper in Washington Territory, ,lewspapers served to connect
settlers in frontier communities with each other and with the rnajor events of their times.
Unlike many mid-century papers, The Columbian, published every Saturday in Olympia,
one of Washington's larger towns, was "neutral in politics," meaning that it was not the
organ of a particular political party or religious group. For its first few years, it was the
only newspaper in the territory, but during the following decades, enterprising
Washingtonians founded many other papers. Few of these papers lasted long. Until the
turn of the century, most were the production of an individual editor, who might begin
with insufficient capital or fail to attract a steady readership. Often working with no
staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, and
sold advertising. Their highly personal journals reflected their own tastes, politics, and
known as the "Oregon style"--graphic, torrid, and potentially libelous.
Early newspapers were thick with print, carrying no illustrations or cartoons.
Advertising was generally confined to the back pages and simply listed commodities
received by local stores. Toward the end of the century, newspapers in Washington
began to carry national advertising, especially from patent medicine companies, which
bought space from agencies that brokered ads in papers all over the country. By 1900,
Washington boasted 19 daily and 176 weekly papers. Especially in the larger cities, they
reflected less the personal opinions of the editor than the interests of the large businesses
they had become. They subscribed to the Associated Press and United Press news
services, and new technology permitted illustrations. Concentrating on features, crime
reporting, and sensationalism, they imitated the new mass-circulation papers that William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were making popular throughout the United States.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Ways in which various newspapers were advertised in Washington
(B) The history of newspapers in Washington
(C) Editors of the first Washington newspapers
(D) The illustrations in early Washington newspapers
2. What does the passage imply about early Washington newspapers?
(A) People relied on them as their primary source of news.
(B) They contained important historical articles.
(C) They were not as informative as today's newspapers.
(D) They rarely reflected the views of any particular religion.
3. ln line 7. the word “'it” refers to
(A) The Columbian
(B) Olympia
(C) religious group
(D) political party
4. In line 13, the word "oversaw" is closest in meaning to
(A) estimated
(B) supervised
(C) collected
(D) provided
5. In line 15, the word "'delivered'" is closest in meaning to
(A) confirmed
(B) compared
(C) questioned
(D) presented
6. According to the passage, which of the following was true of curly Washington newspapers?
(A) Most were owned by part-time editors who worked at other jobs.
(B) Most were run by editors who had little or no earlier newspaper experience.
(C) Most received financial support from the town in which they were published.
(D) Most stayed in business for only a short while.
7. What does the author mention as typical of early newspaper editors from Washington?
(A) Their capital grew rapidly.
(B) Their political opinions changed with time.
(C) They had many types of responsibilities.
(D) They were generally members of the same political party.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about advertising in Washington newspapers of the mid-nineteenth century?
(A) It contained information about patent medicines.
(B) It focused on local rather than national products.
(C) It was printed on entire pages distributed in local stores.
(D) It was the only part of the paper containing cartoons.
9. In line 22, the word "boasted" is closest in meaning to
(A) planned
(B) financed
(C) was forced to close
(D) took pride in having
Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon
out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then
came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within
days, Europa was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's
most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the ahnost total lack of detail,
especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked
brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far offthe mark.
The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of
craters indicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. The
eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers
thick--a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases
a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces
generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around
Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat
keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on
Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.
Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of
Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface
ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a
vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the
material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal
Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.
During this warm phase, some 4.6 billi
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