Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry (嫁妆). Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the time was much more important. The dowry was the wifes right to receive a tenth of all her husbands property. The wife had the right to with hold consent, in all transactions the husband would make, and more than just a right; the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife.
The wife shared in the management of her husbands personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Maria Vivas. Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miros personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, “for the sake of peace.” Either through the dowry or through being hottempered, the wife knew how to win herself, with the context of the family, a powerful economic position.
57.Originally, the purpose of a dowry is to.
[A] give her the right to receive all her husbands property
[B] help her to enjoy a higher position in the family
[C] protect a woman against the risk of desertion
[D] both A and C
58.According to the passage, the legal status of the wife in marriage was.
[A] higher than that of a single woman
[B] higher than that of her husband
[C] lower than that of her husband
[D] the same as that of her husband
59. Why does the author give us the example of Maria Vivas?
[A]To show that the wife shared in the management of her husbands personal property.
[B]To show that the wife can defend her own inheritance.
[C]To prove that women have powerful position.
[D]To illustrate how women win her property.
60.The compensation Maria Vivas gets for the field is.
[A] some of the land Miro had inherited
[B] a tenth of Miros land
[C] money for household expenses
[D] money form Miros inheritance
61. The authors attitude towards Maria Vivas is.
[A] sympathetic
[B] disapproval
[C] indifferent
[D] objective
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective wellbeings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
[A] The problems faced by leaders.
[B] How leadership differs in small and large groups.
[C] How social groups determine who will lead them.
[D] The role of leaders in social groups.
63.The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT.
[A] recruitment
[B] formal election process
[C] specific leadership training
[D] traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
[A]Person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
[B] Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
[C]A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
[D]Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that.
[A] few people qualify as “natural leaders”
[B] there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
[C] “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
[D] “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on.
[A] ensuring harmonious relationships
[B] sharing responsibility with group members
[C] identifying new leaders
[D] achieving a goal
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