Part IV. Principles of Listening
1. Principle I: Beginning and Ending
Ø 3T & 2M Principle
2. Principle II: Present
Ø Now, at present, today, nowadays
3. Principle III: Uncommon question
4. Principle IV: Example
Ø Key Words: for example, take...for instance, take...as an example, for instance, say
Ø Relations between examples
Ø Details are not important
5. Principle V: Emphasis
Ø Remember, especially, keep in mind, most, and again, I almost forgot, make sure, be sure, one thing I must mention, what you should do is, first, finally
6. Principle VI: Explanation
Ø ......which means......, that is to say....., what does it mean? Known as, for short
7. Principle VII: Comparison
Ø Compare to, similar, similarly, differently, more than, as....as, alike, unlike, superior to, inferior to
8. Principle VIII: Repetition
9. Principle IX: Causality
Ø Apparent causality: because, because of, for, as, since, in that, be due to, given, considering, as long as, if, when, while, so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, so…that…, so…as to…, then…
Ø Connotative causality: lead to, cause, reflect, result in, give rise to, derive from, result from, portray, present, bespeak, require, suggest, on the basis of, represent, be based on, for the reason that…, rely on, spring from, make, underlying…
10. Principle X: Contrast and Transition
Ø Apparent contrast: although, though, even though, albeit, despite, in spite of, however, but, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, whatever
Ø Connotative contrast: not…but…, instead, in contrast, on the contrary, far from…, on the other hand, rather than, more…than…, otherwise, unlike, not so much…as...
Ø Special words: paradoxical, paradoxically, ironical, ironically, unexpected, unexpectedly, curious, curiously, surprise, surprisingly, unfortunate, unfortunately, puzzle, shock
11. Principle XI: Capitalization
Ø Name, address, proper noun, abbreviation
12. Principle XII: Opinion
Ø I think, I assume, to my knowledge, as far as I am concerned, according to my understanding
13. Principle XIII: Suggestion
Ø Why don’t you do something, Why not, maybe, perhaps, probably you should, I suppose you could, If I were you, I would do something, tell you what, you know what, guess what, if only
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