9。长难句中经常同时包含多个定语从句
【真题例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
【结构分析】我们先注意到第一个that，只是branch前的修饰语，不引导从句。得到主干，一个主系表结构——Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。关系代词which引导定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors…，which指代先行词enquiry在从句中作主语。介词短语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that…作方式状语，其中定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena修饰先行词manner，关系代词that在从句中指代先行词作use的宾语。在翻译时，为避免定语部分过长，我们将which从句转译为并列结构，将that从句转译为状语。
(2)关系代词指人并构成介词短语，介词提前时，只用whom。
【真题例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002阅读4)
【结构分析】去掉句首介宾，本句主干为many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的宾语由宾语从句that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充当。在此宾语从句中，定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修饰先行词patients，由于介词for提前，关系代词使用宾格whom，指代patients与for连接使用作从句中的状语，翻译为“对……而言”。
【参考译文】在另一层面，很多医学界的人承认，协助自杀争议部分是由于病人极度绝望引起的，对他们而言，现代医学延长了他们死亡前的肉体痛苦。
(3)关系代词whose引导的定语从句，该关系代词在从句中表示“某人(先行词)的”。
【真题例句】As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。(2002阅读2)
【结构分析】本句主干是一个被动语态the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，以but连接的两个由whose引导的限制性定语从句，都修饰先行词gizmos。在第一个定语从句whose presence we barely notice中，whose指代先行词gizmos作presence的定语，二者连用作barely notice的宾语;第二个定语从句whose universal existence has removed much human labor中，whose指代先行词gizmos作universal existence的定语，二者连用作从句的主语。句首的as a result为介词短语作状语。
【参考译文】结果是，现代世界充满了越来越智能化的小玩意，这些小玩意的出现是我们几乎注意不到的，但它们的普遍存在却节省了很多劳动力。
【真题例句】Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care。(2003阅读2)
【结构分析】该句子中，主干为Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates。关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care修饰先行词scientists，关系代词whose作arguments的定语，指代先行词scientists。从句中的谓语使用了现在进行时，由and并列，分别为are confusing和(are)threatening。
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