二、名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组， 它在复合句中可能担任主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语、同位语等，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词包括连词如that，whether/ if，as if /as though等;连接代词如what, who, whom, whose, which等;连接副词如when, where, how, why等。
(一)名词性that从句
由that引导，在从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语等，that在从句中不作成分，翻译时不译出来。
1.that引导主语从句，经常用it作形式主语。
【真题例句】Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)
【结构分析】本句主干在第一个逗号后，it is obvious that…，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语为and连接的两个that引导的名词性从句that the strength of a country’s economy is…和that this in turn rests…。第一个主语从句中，代词its指代 country’s;第二个主语从句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。
【参考译文】再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
【真题例句】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions。(2005阅读2)
【结构分析】以逗号and为切入点，本句为两个并列分句，其中第一个分句中does表示强调;第二个分句it为形式主语，critical后面的that引导的名词性从句that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments…为真正的主语，在此主语分句中，又包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰judgments，关系代词that在从句中作provide的宾语，分词结构concerning the future consequences of present actions为后置定语修饰judgments。
【参考译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在作重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的对于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最好的判断为依据。
2.that引导表语从句
【真题例句】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. (2002英译汉)
【结构分析】本句的主干是一个主系表结构One difficulty is that…，其中表语由that引导的表语从句充当。在此表语从句中，主语部分all of what is called behavioral science包含what引导的名词性从句，what在从句中作主语。
【参考译文】困难之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学仍从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面寻找行为的依据。
【真题例句】（考试大）If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003阅读2)
【结构分析】本句是复合句。逗号前为if引导的条件状语从句，主句由there be句型充当。possibility后that引导同位语从句that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress，说明possibility的具体内容。
【参考译文】如果好人袖手旁观，有可能真让无知的人们扑灭医学进步中珍贵的火种。
【真题例句】The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)
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