13.illustrate v. 说明,阐明;(用图或例子)说明
1)Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.(没有什么比他对妻子的行为更能清楚地说明他的自私。)
2)He told us a story to illustrate the fact that bad habits die hard.(他通过给我们讲故事来阐明积习难改的事实。)
3)Children's books are often beautifully illustrated. (儿童书籍常常有美丽的插图。)
4)He gave us an example to illustrate his point. (他给了我们一个例子说明自己的观点。)
14.historical adj. 历史的,历史上的;
1)They played an important part in the historical process.(在历史的进程中他们起过重要的作用。)
2)The historical event changed him completely. (这一历史事件完全改变了他。)
请注意区别historical和historic 这两个形容词。
historical 指历史上存在或发生过的(actually existed,or happened in history)。
historic指历史上有名的,有历史意义的(important in history)。
a historical event(历史事件)-真实存在于历史上;
a historic event (历史性事件)-具有历史意义的;
15.discard v. 丢弃,抛弃;
1)I don't think it is necessary for them to discard the present assembly line entirely.(我认为他们没有必要完全丢弃现有的流水线。)
2)They ate food discarded by the restaurant (他们吃饭店丢弃的食物。)
3)How could he discard his old friends?(他怎么能抛弃老朋友呢?)
16.reveal v. 揭露,泄露;展现,显示;
1)He didn't reveal what he had felt about her.(他没有透露对她的感觉。)
2)David revealed a talent for fixing things.(大卫展现出修理东西的才能。)
3)He didn't want to reveal his identity at the time. (那时他不想暴露自己的身份。)
17.influence n. 影响,v. 影响
1)The old man had a great influence on the family.(那位老人对家庭的影响很大。)
2)His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.(他的教导给年轻人施以深刻的影响。)
3)The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.(政府将以其影响努力使会谈成功。)
4)I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.(我不想让他影响我的选择。)
5)Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.(你认为英国的艺术受美国绘画的影响吗?)
请注意区别influence 和affect 这两个词。
influence常指间接地、以一种无形的力量去潜移默化地影响人的行为、性格或观点等。
affect 表示对…产生(不良)影响,如:
1)The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.(经济危机严重影响那个国家的出口。)
2)Too much smoking may affect your lungs.(吸烟过多会影响你的肺。)
18.scatter v. 撒;驱散;消散;
1)Clouds were scattered by the wind.(风起云散。)
2)The books scattered on the desk.(书桌上撒满了书。)
3)The noise scattered the dogs and chickens(响声使得鸡、狗四散。)
4)The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. (警察用催泪弹驱散示威者。)
5)Don't scatter your strength. (不要分散精力。)
19.invention n. 发明,创造;虚构;
1)Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.(电话是亚历山大·贝尔发明的。)
2)The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.(整件事都是一家纽约报纸虚构的。)
invent v. 发明、创造、虚构;
1)When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class, he invented an excuse.
(老师问 那个学生为什么没来上课,他编造了一个借口。)
2)Edison invented the electric bulb. (爱迪生发明了灯泡。)
本课简介
人们普遍认为在每一个词都有其正确的词意。词典和语法书是我们寻求词意和用法的至上权威,但是我们甚少 去询问词典和语法的编著者以何为据。在本篇课文中,作者详细介绍了词典编写的过程,并且强调编写词典不是对词的意思,建立权威的解释,而是竭尽所能记录下 每一个词对其过去的作者而言是何意思。世界在变化,语言也在变化,我们不得不赋予旧词以新的解释、新的用法,因些词典需要增补新的内容。
本课主要语言点
1.…dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of,意思是“在……方面”,“就……而论”,如:
1)It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. (他们不可能达成协议,因为在细节问题上,他们有太多的分歧。)
2)He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.(他被看作是知识产权方面的专家。)
3)He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.(如果他继续相信那些不诚实的人,他会遭受巨大的经济损失。)
2.Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定,意思是“很少的,几乎没有的”,如果用a few则表示肯定,意思是“有些,几个”。如:
1)Very few people survived the explosion.(在爆炸中幸存的人很少。)
2)Many of us tried but very few succeeded .(我们许多人都试了,但成功者甚少。)
3)He will try it a few more times.(他会再试几次。)
4)A few of my friends speak English.(我的朋友中有几个人能讲英语。)
by在本句中的意思相当于according to (根据)。如:
1)Never judge a person by his appearance.(千万别以貌取人。)
2)He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.(依照中国的标准,他会被归于富有一类。)
authority这个词在词汇部分已做过讲解,我们在此再巩固一下。Authorities常指“当局,官方”,用作不可数名词时,常指“权力,管辖权”,用作可数名词时,常指“专家,权威”。如:
1)The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.(工会继续寻求与当局对话的机会。)
2)Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.(警察有权逮捕犯法的人。)
3)He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people(他已努力对那些年轻人行使管辖权。)
4)A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.(一本好的词典是词义方面的权威。)
5)He is now an authority on American literature.(现在他成了美国文学方面的专家。)
本句中what是一个关系代词,引导宾语从句,如:
1)We always mean what we say.(我们向来说话算数。)
2)Let him do what he wants to do.(让他去做他想做的事。)
3)I don't know what they know.(他们知道的事我并不知道。)
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“一次,曾经”。在某些语言环境中,once也可以表示:一旦……(就……)。请看下面的例句,注意,once的不同意思:
1)He once lived in Shanghai.(他曾经在上海住过。)
2)Even if you only do it once, you will forever remember it.(即使你只做一次,你会永远记得。)
3)It once belonged to my father.(这个曾经属于我父亲。)
4)Once the sun had set, the air turned cold.(太阳一落,空气就变冷了。)
5)Once you show any fear, he will attack you.(你一直露出恐惧,他就会攻击你。)
6)Once published, the book will be very popular.(这本书一旦出版就会大受欢迎。)
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.与某人就某问题进行争论,over 也可用about 替换。如:
1)They had a dispute about where to go.(他们为了去哪里而争论。)
2)The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.(工人和厂方由于工资问题产生争端。)
3)It was a dispute over economic policy.(这是一场关于经济政策的争论。)
责任编辑:小草