等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
2) hardly…when， no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g If I had tried harder， I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1.So far， Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years. (has been lived)
2.The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there. (had been sent)
3.The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. (witnessed)
2. 非谓语动词
动词主要时态和语态一览表
非谓语动词 形式 意义
现在分词
一 般 式 doing 主动， 正在进行
被 动 式 being done 被动， 正在进行
完成主动式 having done 主动， 已经完成
完成被动式 having been done 被动， 已经完成
过去分词 done 被动， 已经完成
动词不定式
一 般 式 to do 主动，将要进行
被 动 式 to be done 被动， 将要进行
完成主动式 to have done 主动， 已经完成
进行主动式 to be doing 主动， 正在进行
非谓语动词作状语
动词不定式：1)目的状语;2)结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. (目的)
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. (结果)
分词：1) 伴随状语;2)原因状语;3)条件状语 4)让步状语;5)时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street， he met his old friend. (时间)
Being very tired， my father didn‘t go out with us. (原因)
Made by hand， the silk shirt is very expensive. (原因)
Seen from the space， the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)
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