three main phases in the growth of the West European city. The first of these is the medieval
phase, which extends from the beginning of the 11th century A. D to about 1 500. The second is
the renaissance and Baroque phase. which can be traced from about 1 500 to the beginning of
the 19th century. The third is the modern phase, extending from the early 19th century to the
present day.
Every medieval city began as a small settlement which grew up round a geographical or cultural
focal point. This would often be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a
large church. In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market,
a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met. In studies of urban geography
other oldest part of a town is referred to as the nuclear settlement. there are many small
towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear
settlement. It is, of course, much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern
city which has grown to may times its original size.
74. The ancient cities were characterized by all the following EXCEPT _____
A. larger populations.
B. different locations.
C. different roles.
D. different social classes.
75. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. West European cities established their own urban tradition.
B. West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East.
C. Cities appeared earlier in the Middle east than in Greece and Rome.
D. West European and Middle east cities went through the same phases.
76. Which of the following could be regarded as a geographical focal point?
A. A town hall.
B. A vegetable garden.
C. A local cafeteria.
D. An open market.
TEXT D
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial
system in the U.S. Costs are going up rapidly both for the taxpayers and the litigants and the
litigants, or parties in a lawsuit, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day
in court. Many suggestions have been put forward concerning methods of improving the
situating, but as in most branches of the Government, changes come slowly.
One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to
allow districts that have too many waiting cases tomorrow judges from other districts. Another
suggestion is to use pretrial conferences in which the judge meets with the litigants and
their lawyers in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more
orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on
each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of
their claims and their opponents' evidence.
Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts. The proceedings cost the
litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge
without the assistance of lawyers. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no peaking
--the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim By doing so, the
plaintiff gives up any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.
77. The judicial system is considered inadequate because of _____
A. high costs and long delays.
B. high taxes and long delays.
C. slow changes and high taxes.
D. high costs and high taxes.
78. The pre-trial conference is supposed to _____
A. reduce court evidence.
B. increase court costs.
C. raise court efficiency.
D. cut the number of litigants.
79. In small-claims courts the litigants _____
A. state their claims in detail.
B. appear without legal advisors.
C. can later go to a jury trial.
D. have to pay high court costs.
80. The main topic of the passage is about _____
A. suggestions on how to make legal claims.
B. ways to produce court evidence.
C. ways to deal with the judge in court.
D. methods to improve court efficiency.
SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING [5 min]
In this section there are five passages with a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Skim or
scan them as required and then mark our answer on your answer sheet.
TEXT E
First read the following question.
81. The passage is mainly about _____
A. different kinds of coffee.
B. different ways of drinking coffee.
C. different ingredients in coffee.
D. different names of coffee.
Now read TEXTＥquickly to answer question 81.
Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world. In London,
for example, some Englishmen dip mustard into their coffee, while in America, a person might
add a bit of tomato sauce. Strips of orange and lemon peels are not unusual additions to
coffee in Europe. An Asian delight consists of coffee served with boiling sugar. Perhaps the
richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland, where whiskey and cream are important
ingredients. In Australia, a waitress will ask,' Do you want black or white?' Black is plain
black coffee, but white is half coffee and half warm milk. If an Australian orders iced
coffee, he will be served a cup of steaming coffee with a scoop of ice cream.
TEXT F
First read the following question.
82. The passage mainly discusses _____
A. what English gardens look like.
B. the role of English gardens.
C. books on gardening.
D. games in the garden.
83. Who will do weeding and digging?
A. The parents
B. The gardener.
C. The whole family.
D. The children.
Now read TEXT F quickly to answer question 82 and 83.
Most English families have a house and a garden. The garden plays a very important part in
the life of he average Englishman and there are few bookcases in the house which do not
contain a book on gardening.
In summer much time is spent mowing the lawn, trimming the hedge and watering flowers and
plants. The family does not forget to relax, however, and many meals are eaten outdoors.
English lawns, although they are admired all over the world, are not meant only to be looked
at. Games are played and picnics are held there. Some families divide up their gardens into
spheres of influence. Thus t he father will look after the vegetable garden; the mother will
attend to the flowers and plants; the son will pick fruit while the daughter will have a
little rock garden. things which nobody enjoys doing are done together , like weeping the
paths and digging the soil.
TEXT G
First read the following question.
84. The passage introduces Estartit to _____
A. local people.
B. Foreign students.
C. holiday makers.
D. shop assistants.
85. People will do all the following on the four islands off the coast EXCEPT _____
A. swimming.
B. running.
C. fishing.
D. sunbathing.
86. For evening entertainment, young travelers usually go to _____
A. the St. Tropez discotheque.
B. the Club El Catalan.
C. the Galeon.
D. the Playa de Pals.
Now read TEXT G quickly to answer question 84 to 86.
Estartit
This popular summer resort has one of the finest sand beaches of the Costa Brava--the Playa de
Pals. Formerly a little fishing port, where the inhabitants fished for sardine, it has, in a
few years, achieved international status without listing its attractions.
Just off the coast lie a group of four islands known as the Medas Isles and a little farther
north is the Foadada Rock. Inhabited in Roman times, these islands later became deserted. Now
you can take boat trips to them to swim, fish or simply sunbathe.
There is little to see in Estaritit itself. In fact, it is hardly more than a main street --
Calle Sante Ana -- which runs parallel to the sea and contains some good boutiques and small
souvenir shops. If you what to shop, the best day to visit Estartit is on Thursday, which is
market day.
For a small resort, Estariti has plenty of night life. for first-class evening entertainment,
often with an international floor show, it is worth climbing the hill to the Club El Catalan,
and, in the village itself, the galleon usually has a floor show, with dancing to recorded
music. Young people usually go to the St. Tropez discotheque.
Anyone wishing to travel from Estartit to Torella do Montgri will be able to take the bus,
which leaves at two-hourly intervals from Estartit.
TEXT H
First read the following questions.
87. Your Student Railcard will enable you to get student rates from _____
A. the coach station.
B. the shipping company.
C. the railway.
D. the airport.
88. The cheapest way to travel from London to Manchester is to go by _____
A. air stand-by.
B. coach normal.
C. rail normal standard.
D. rail cheap.
Now read TEXT H quickly to answer question 87 and 88.
There are two classes of fares on the train, the first class fare being approximately fifty
per cent more expensive than second class. There are often cheaper rates available for
students or if you are prepared to go on certain trains. Once you have settled in, the
students' union will ad
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