【参考译文】在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
【真题例句】A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。(2001阅读1)
【结构分析】逗号前是本句的主句A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists…，现在分词结构coming together nationally within one or two specific societies作professional geologists的后置定语。whereas引导让步状语从句，翻译为“然而”。
【参考译文】类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
(四)原因状语从句
由because, since, as引导，如：
【真题例句】Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(2003完形)
【结构分析】句首即是一个because引导的原因状语从句Because they are adjusting to…，主句部分主语为teenagers，and并列主系表和主谓宾结构。在宾语中，confidence后是that引导的定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语，谓语部分comes from achieving success and knowing…后是一个that引导的宾语从句，由一个被动语态构成。
【参考译文】因为这些青少年正在适应他们变化的身体和大量新的智力和情感方面的挑战，他们的自我意识特别强烈，他们需要自信，这种自信来自于取得成动，来自知道自己的成绩受人羡慕。
【真题例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad。(That’s where Straitford earns its keep。)(2003阅读1)
【结构分析】该句子为主从复合句，主句在逗号前，since引导原因状语从句，由it充当形式主语，真正主语在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻译为“因为很难区分信息的真伪”。
【参考译文】当然这种公开渠道的谍报活动也有其风险，因为很难区分信息的真伪。(而这正是斯特福德公司谋生之所在。)
【真题例句】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find。(2002-62)
【结构分析】本句的主语在句首The behavioral sciences have been slow to change，后面由and并列的两个because均引起原因状语从句。第一个从句中，使用了被动语态be directly observed。
【参考译文】行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
【真题例句】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004英译汉)
【结构分析】该句是复合句。 逗号前为主要成分，包含一个由because引导的原因状语从句;as后为次主要成分，也引导一个状语从句，补充说明some of these languages have since vanished 的原因。who 引导定语从句who spoke them修饰peoples，them直接指代these languages。在as从句中，谓语became assimilated和die out由or并列。在翻译时，我们只需注意在汉语中，说话重心一般后置的原则，从小到大依次排列，将此句译为：
【参考译文】由于使用这些语言的民族已经消亡或被同化，失去了他们自己的母语，因此这些语言也就不复存在了，而这也正是我们要感谢两位先驱(请参考原题Two anthropologist—linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir)的原因。
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