3.Wh-引导表语从句
【真题例句】This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed。(2000阅读3)
【结构分析】本句主干This is what…,介词短语in brief作插入语。表语部分为what引导的名词性从句,what在从句中作宾语。冒号后为复合句,具体说明(话的)内容。
【参考译文】下面简单介绍一下未来主义诗人的观点:一个世纪以来,人类的生活状况一直在有条件地加速,到了现在,我们已经生活在一个喧嚣、暴力和快速的时代。
【真题例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep。(2003阅读1)
【结构分析】该句子为主从复合句,主句在逗号前,since引导原因状语从句,由it充当形式主语,真正主语在不定式后to tell good information from bad,翻译为“因为很难区分信息的真伪”。代词that指前,where引导表语从句,在从句中作状语,理解为“在这种情况下”。
【参考译文】当然这种公开渠道的谍报活动也有其风险,因为很难区分信息的真伪。而这正是斯特福德公司谋生之所在。
【真题例句】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge。(2004阅读4)
【结构分析】该句子中,where引导表语从句,并且在从句中充当地点状语,破折号后not to pursue knowledge与前面的to get a practical education为并列平行结构,均作目的状语。介词for连接的介宾短语作原因状语。注意for the sake of为常考词组,译为“为了……”。
【参考译文】甚至学校也成了让孩子接受实用教育的场所,而不是为了知识而追求知识。
【真题例句】And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were built with foreign investment。(2001阅读2)
【结构分析】该句子中,why引导表语从句why America’s…were built…,并且在从句中充当原因状语。从句中谓语动词由被动语态be built充当。
【参考译文】因此美国的第二次浪潮基础设施—包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。
(三)if, whether引导的名词性从句
if(…or ), whether(…or not)引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化而来的,其功能和wh从句的功能相同。翻译时,译为“是否”,采用顺译法,如:
【真题例句】However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。(2005阅读1)
【结构分析】该句子为主系表结构。whether引导由or并列的两个主语从句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans和whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,译为“是……,还是……”
【参考译文】但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成,还是来自于三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先,这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
【真题例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。(2009-49)
【结构分析】本句句首部分为since引导的原因状语从句,主句部分为we cannot help直到末尾,其中谓语部分help considering宾语部分由whether or not引导的名词性从句whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability充当,其中又包含一个限制性定语从句which will secure this ability修饰先行词powers。
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