2. 直接解题
1. With which of the following statements would the author probably（可能）agree?
A. single mums produce（培育） stronger sons
B. single mums do not produce daughters
C. two-parent families produce less attractive children
D two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring（后代）
答案: Ｃ。
分析：问题问“作者可能会同意下列哪种说法？”注意到有３个被选项中都出现了比较级结构，因此推测答案可能出自它们之中， 同时注意关注文章中出现比较级结构的句子，这样找到答案相关句：（第一段）Single mums are better at raising（抚育） their kids than two parents – at least in the bird world. 该句说“单亲母亲比双亲能更好地抚育孩子”， 该句与被选项无关，所以接着看后面的句子： Mother zebra finches（斑胸草雀） have to work harder and raise fewer chicks （刚出生的小鸟）on their own（独自地）, but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.该划线部分的结构说“它们（母斑胸草雀）能培育出更具有吸引力的雄性后代，而这些后代更可能找到配偶。”，根据该句内容判断C（由双亲家庭培育出的孩子具有的吸引力较小些）
2． According to (根据)the passage, in what way does family conflict （冲突）affect （影响）the quality of the offspring 后代?
A. the young males get less care（关心）
B. the young females will decrease（减少） in weight（重量）
C. the offspring will become lazy （懒惰的）fathers or mothers in the future（在未来）
D. the offspring will not get mature （成熟的）easily
答案: A。
分析：利用问题句中反映细节信息的结构family conflict和the quality of the offspring 作为答案线索，这样找到答案相关句：
(第2段) The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there’s always a conflict of interests（与family conflict呼应）, which can have a detrimental（有害的） effect on the quality of the offspring. 该划线句说“父母在身边就总会有利益的冲突，而这会给后代的质量产生坏的影响”，借助该句内容不能进行答案的判断，所以借助看后面的句子：
In evolutionary （进化的）terms, the best strategy （策略）for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else （其他人）to care for （照料）their offspring, so they can concentrate on （关注/专心）breeding（繁殖） again. So it’s normal （通常的）for parents to try to pass the buck to (把责任推卸给..)each other（彼此）. But Ian Hartley from the university of Lancaster and his team wondered （想知道）how family solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.
To find out, they measured how much effort Zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited（剥削）, mothers with a partner hold back from （不愿...）working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer（遭受到） some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.划线句说“后代们为它们父母的冲突付出了一些代价”， 划线句的前句也提到了付出代价，该句说“如果父亲们懒惰，为了避免受到剥削，母亲们不愿努力工作， 而正是它们的后代们为此而付出代价”， 如果父母都不努力工作（鸟类努力工作的目的就是照顾小鸟），那么孩子们受到的关怀就会少了，因此判断A 是答案。
3 What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?
A． cause and effect
B. experiment（实验） and result
C. problem and solution
D. topic（话题） and comment（评论）
答案: B．
分析：问题问及第4段和第5段之间的逻辑关系。注意关注段落特殊位置处的句子
（第4段）To find out, they measured （测度）how much effort （精力）Zebra finch parents put （投入）into raising（抚养） their babies. They compared（比较） single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.该段段首句说“为了弄清楚这这个问题，他们测量了斑胸草雀仔抚养孩子上投入了多少精力”，而接下来的一句说“他们把单亲母亲和父母双亲进行比较，...”这是在具体描述实验进行的内容。
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in（投入） about 25 percent more effort than females rearing（抚养） with their mate（配偶）. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.该段段首句说“但是他们发现单亲母亲在抚育孩子上投入的精力比有配偶的母亲投入的精力多25%” ，这是研究者们的研究发现，而该段最后一句也是这些研究者特出的结论：后代为它们父母的冲突付出了一些代价， 因此判断这两个段落之间的关系是“实验和结论”之间的关系。
4 According to Hartley, which of the following NOT influenced by sexual(性别的) conflict?
A. the evolution(演变) of the offspring’s behavior
B. the look(样子) of the offspring’s faces
C. the number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time(每次)
D the offspring’s body size(体型)
答案: D。
分析: 问题内容仍然涉及到冲突，顺着上一题的答案位置往下找，注意到被选项涉及到具体的细节内容，利用被选项中的细节短语结构作为答案线索（A: behavior; B: face; C: eggs; D: body size）
“The offspring suffer some of the cost their conflict,” says Hartley.
（第6段）The cost does not show in any obvious（明显的） decease in size or weight, but in how attractive （有吸引力的）they are to the opposite sex（异型）.该句说“（冲突所带来的）代价不是表现在体型或体重上出现明显的减少，而是表现在它们对异性吸引力” ... 因此判断D（后代的体型）是答案。其实文章最后一段中直接涉及到前3个选项：
(最后一段)More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley’s statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behavior, clutch size (窝卵数)and even appearance. 该句说“Hartley得出的结论更另人惊讶：他说冲突可能会对行为的进化，窝卵数， 甚至外表产生强大的影响”， 因此判断A，B，C 都不是答案。
5 According to the passage, people believe that a female’s reproductive（繁殖的） strategy（策略） is influenced by
A. an evolutionary （进化的）driving force
B. a conflict of interests
C. ecological（生态的） factors
D the quality of the offspring
答案: C．
分析：利用问题句中的细节信息结构reproductive strategy 作为答案线索，这样在文章中找到答案相关句：（最后一段）A female’s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account （把...考虑在内）as well（也）.这两个句子说“雌性的生殖策略杯通常认为是受到打猎和食物供给的影响，Kilner说‘来自父母的冲突也应该被考虑在内’ ”。 文章第2段中提到“The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary（进化的） driving force as ecological（生态的） factors such as hunting and food supply.”（这些研究表明家庭冲突与诸如打猎和食物供给这些生态因素一样是重要的进化推动力。）该句表明hunting and food supply是ecological factors因此判断C是答案。
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