chapter 14
cost concepts relating to decision making
relevant cost
relevant costs are those expected future costs that differ among different alternatives.
the difference in total cost between two alternatives is an incremental cost. synonyms
for incremental costs are differential costs and net relevant costs.
limiting factors
it may not be possible to produce unlimited quantities of product b because there
could be a restriction on how many units could be sold or produced. such restrictions
are known as limiting factors or key factors.
produce the product which provides the maximum contribution per unit of limiting
factor employed.
contribution per unit = unit contribution /limiting factor per unit
opportunity cost is defined as the maximum available contribution that is forgone
by using limited resources for a specific purpose or the value of the best alternative foregone.
sunk costs
accountants often use the terms sunk cost to refer to costs already incurred that
will not be affected by subsequent decisions. i.e. undepreciated cost of a plant
asset is a sunk cost.
sunk costs are therefore not relevant to decision making because they cannot
be changed regardless of what decisions are made.
accounting practice----ratio analysis
return on capital employed (roce)
1. profit includes: operating profit ; net profit before interest and taxation ;
net profit before taxation ; net profit after taxation; net profit after taxation
and preference dividends;
2. capital employed includes: total assets; total assets less current liabilities;
shareholders’ funds; shareholders’ funds less preference shares;
shareholders’ funds plus long-term liabilities.
3. we ought to take the average capital figures. it is customary to take a simple
average of opening and closing capital balances.
4. roce=(profit/capital)x100%
gross profit ratio
(gross profit / total sale)x100%
net profit with the sales
(net profit before taxation and dividends / total sales)x100%
liquidity ratio ;quick ratio; acid test ratio
(current assets less stocks / current liabilities) x100%
责任编辑：mman
