三、代词
1、人称代词
主格 I you he，she，it we you they
宾格 me you him，her，it us you them
1.1排序一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称：you，he and I；you，John and I
1.2 it 的用法
①代事物、动物、婴儿以及未知的人或事：Who is that？ It’s my friend.
②用于引出非人称句，表示天气、时间和距离等：It’s cloudy today.
③形式代词：It is quite right that you did that.
④引导强调句：It was his father that made him a lawyer.
2、物主代词
形容词性 my your his，her，its our your their
名词性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs
2.1形容词性物主代词属限定词范围，注意避免人称和数的误用。
2.2名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。
Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours
3、反身代词
myself yourself himself，herself，itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Take care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.
The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.
4、指示代词：this、that、these、those
4.1关于that的固定用法：
（1）Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克帮助我完成了任务，他（那样做）真是太好了。
（2）He told me only part of the story and that was that. 他只跟我讲了这个故事的一部分，就那些。
4.2关于that 和those：
（1）It’s a different kind of car from that （kind of car） （which） I’m used to.这种汽车和我所习惯的那种不同。
（2）The president and his wife were among those （who were） present at the ceremony.
出席那个典礼有总统和他的夫人。
5、相互代词：each other（两者）和one another（两者以上）
（1）The two parties， the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other.
（2）The boys in this class like to bully one another. 这个班上的男孩子喜欢互相打斗。
6、不定代词
6.1 all和both
（1）前者表示两个以上；后者表示两个。 （2）都位于行为动词之前，be动词后：
They all （both） agreed with me. They are all （both） quite wealthy.
6.2 no one和 none
（1）no one只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。None of后接的谓语可用复数也可用单数。
No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house.
How many elephants did you see at the zoo? ----None.
None of them have （has） arrived yet. None of this money is mine.
7、some / any/ no/ every+（thing， one ，body…）
7.1 everyone和 every one
前者意思为"每个人"，与everybody同义，用于泛指，不可跟of短语；
后者意思是每个人或物，用于特指，可跟of短语。
everyone in the village 村子里所有的人（泛指） every one of the children 这些孩子中的每一个（特指）
7.2 anybody，everybody和"every（each）+单数名词"
正式英语 Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 日常英语 if they try
Everybody started waving his flag. their flags
Everybody has arrived， hasn’t he？ haven’t they
***Everything is all right，isn’s it？
7.3 something， anything， nothing等被形容词修饰时，该形容词后置： nothing wrong
8、否定
1）部分否定：当all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定。
All of the students did not turn up.不是所有的学生都出席。 现代英语常用作：Not all of the students turned up.
2）全部否定：none， no one， neither，nobody，nothing 等对整体意义具有否定作用的代词或副词。
None of the students turned up.没有一个学生出席。
9、其他限定词
1） 常见修饰可数名词的限定词：（a） few， a couple of， both， many， many a， a great many， several， a number of
2） 常见修饰不可数名词的限定词：（a）little， much， a （large） amount of， a great deal of， a bit of
3）some/any/no any：非肯定句（否定、疑问、条件句） no：否定句
some：肯定句和含有肯定意味的场合，特殊如：
Can I have some coffee？请求或希望得到肯定回答时。
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表示某一个= a certain
4） many/much many接可数名词复数，much接不可数名词，在肯定句中常和so和too连用
I have met （so）many people who share your view. （So） Much time has been wasted.
**many a +单数可数名词相当于many+复数名词
She has been to Beijing many a time. （many times） Many an accident has happened here.
5）each/every
each用作名词或形容词，every用作形容词，后面必须跟名词。
"我们中的每个人"应为every one of us或each of us.
6）both/either
both为两者都…，后接复数动词，either为两者中任何一个，接单数动词。两者的否定形式为neither.
Truth may lie on both sides，on either side，or on neither（side）。
7）either/any either为两者中的任何一个；any为两者以上中的任何一个。
Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day.
***either后接end，side等词有时可指两个都： There are trees on either side of the street. = both sides
8）neither/none
表示两者都不…，用neither；表示两者以上都不…，用none（of）。
Neither接单数可数名词，none of 接复数名词。
Neither book is mine.
None of the books on the shelves belong to me. （用复数动词，强调"都不是"）
**Of all the books on the shelves， none belongs to me. （用单数动词，强调"没有一本是".）
9）all/whole
区别：①all可接复数可数名词或不可数名词，whole一般接单数可数名词。
②语序：all用于冠词、所有格或其他限定词之前，whole只用于冠词等限定词的后面。
He ate all the vegetables. He ate the whole pie.
The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting.
10） another/other
This book is too difficult. Show me another one.
Of the three books on the desk， two are written by Dickens， the other one is written by Mark Twain.
***other前面可带some， any， every， many， one， his等其他限定词。
Will you come some other time？ 改日 Please write on every other line.隔行
***the rest of the money 不可数名词 the rest of the workers可数名词
11）a number of/ the number of
前者为：许多…，后接复数名词，谓语用复数。后者为：…的总数，谓语用单数。
A number of comrades were absent from the meeting.
The number of comrades absent from the meeting was surprising.
12） few/ a few few表否定， a few表数量不大，表肯定。
quite a few 表相当多，为肯定。 only a few表否定，同few.
13）little/ a little用法同上
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