条件变量是Java5线程中很重要的一个概念，顾名思义，条件变量就是表示条件的一种变量。但是必须说明，这里的条件是没有实际含义的，仅仅是个标记而已，并且条件的含义往往通过代码来赋予其含义。
这里的条件和普通意义上的条件表达式有着天壤之别。
条件变量都实现了java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition接口，条件变量的实例化是通过一个Lock对象上调用newCondition()方法来获取的，这样，条件就和一个锁对象绑定起来了。因此，Java中的条件变量只能和锁配合使用，来控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。
条件变量的出现是为了更精细控制线程等待与唤醒，在Java5之前，线程的等待与唤醒依靠的是Object对象的wait()和notify()/notifyAll()方法，这样的处理不够精细。
而在Java5中，一个锁可以有多个条件，每个条件上可以有多个线程等待，通过调用await()方法，可以让线程在该条件下等待。当调用signalAll()方法，又可以唤醒该条件下的等待的线程。有关Condition接口的API可以具体参考JavaAPI文档。
条件变量比较抽象，原因是他不是自然语言中的条件概念，而是程序控制的一种手段。
下面以一个银行存取款的模拟程序为例来揭盖Java多线程条件变量的神秘面纱：
有一个账户，多个用户（线程）在同时操作这个账户，有的存款有的取款，存款随便存，取款有限制，不能透支，任何试图透支的操作都将等待里面有足够存款才执行操作。
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
/**
* Java线程：条件变量
*
* @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建并发访问的账户
MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
//创建一个线程池
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
//执行各个线程
pool.execute(t1);
pool.execute(t2);
pool.execute(t3);
pool.execute(t4);
pool.execute(t5);
pool.execute(t6);
//关闭线程池
pool.shutdown();
}
}
/**
* 存款线程类
*/
class SaveThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.saving(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 取款线程类
*/
class DrawThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.drawing(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 普通银行账户，不可透支
*/
class MyCount {
private String oid; //账号
private int cash; //账户余额
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); //账户锁
private Condition _save = lock.newCondition(); //存款条件
private Condition _draw = lock.newCondition(); //取款条件
MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
this.oid = oid;
this.cash = cash;
}
/**
* 存款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public void saving(int x, String name) {
lock.lock(); //获取锁
if (x > 0) {
cash += x; //存款
System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
}
_draw.signalAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。
lock.unlock(); //释放锁
}
/**
* 取款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public void drawing(int x, String name) {
lock.lock(); //获取锁
try {
if (cash - x < 0) {
_draw.await(); //阻塞取款操作
} else {
cash -= x; //取款
System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
}
_save.signalAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock(); //释放锁
}
}
}
李四存款3600，当前余额为13600
张三存款2000，当前余额为15600
老张存款600，当前余额为16200
老牛取款1300，当前余额为14900
胖子取款800，当前余额为14100
王五取款2700，当前余额为11400
Process finished with exit code 0
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* Java线程：不用条件变量
*
* @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建并发访问的账户
MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
//创建一个线程池
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
//执行各个线程
pool.execute(t1);
pool.execute(t2);
pool.execute(t3);
pool.execute(t4);
pool.execute(t5);
pool.execute(t6);
//关闭线程池
pool.shutdown();
}
}
/**
* 存款线程类
*/
class SaveThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.saving(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 取款线程类
*/
class DrawThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.drawing(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 普通银行账户，不可透支
*/
class MyCount {
private String oid; //账号
private int cash; //账户余额
MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
this.oid = oid;
this.cash = cash;
}
/**
* 存款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) {
if (x > 0) {
cash += x; //存款
System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
}
notifyAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。
}
/**
* 取款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) {
if (cash - x < 0) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
} else {
cash -= x; //取款
System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
}
notifyAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作
}
}
输出结果为：
李四存款3600，当前余额为13600
王五取款2700，当前余额为10900
老张存款600，当前余额为11500
老牛取款1300，当前余额为10200
胖子取款800，当前余额为9400
张三存款2000，当前余额为11400
Process finished with exit code 0
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* Java线程：改为同步代码块
*
* @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建并发访问的账户
MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
//创建一个线程池
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
//执行各个线程
pool.execute(t1);
pool.execute(t2);
pool.execute(t3);
pool.execute(t4);
pool.execute(t5);
pool.execute(t6);
//关闭线程池
pool.shutdown();
}
}
/**
* 存款线程类
*/
class SaveThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.saving(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 取款线程类
*/
class DrawThread extends Thread {
private String name; //操作人
private MyCount myCount; //账户
private int x; //存款金额
DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
this.name = name;
this.myCount = myCount;
this.x = x;
}
public void run() {
myCount.drawing(x, name);
}
}
/**
* 普通银行账户，不可透支
*/
class MyCount {
private String oid; //账号
private int cash; //账户余额
MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
this.oid = oid;
this.cash = cash;
}
/**
* 存款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public void saving(int x, String name) {
if (x > 0) {
synchronized (this) {
cash += x; //存款
System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
notifyAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。
}
}
}
/**
* 取款
*
* @param x 操作金额
* @param name 操作人
*/
public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) {
synchronized (this) {
if (cash - x < 0) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
} else {
cash -= x; //取款
System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash);
}
}
notifyAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作
}
}
李四存款3600，当前余额为13600
王五取款2700，当前余额为10900
老张存款600，当前余额为11500
老牛取款1300，当前余额为10200
胖子取款800，当前余额为9400
张三存款2000，当前余额为11400
Process finished with exit code 0
对比以上三种方式，从控制角度上讲，第一种最灵活，第二种代码最简单，第三种容易犯错。
责任编辑：小草
