(一) 直接引语和间接引语
引述别人的话，如果照原话重复，称为直接引语；直接引语要加引号。如果用引述者的话转述说话的内容，称为间接引语；间接引语不加引号。 如：
直接引语 "I will try a seven time," cried Bruce."
间接引语 "Bruce said that he would try a seventh time."
1. 在把陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语时要注意以下几点：
(1) 时态要一致。如：
She said:"They are very fond of sports."
She said that they were very fond of sports.
(2)人称代词和物主代词要作相应的调整：如：
"I've just got a letter from my sister," Jane said.
Jane said she had just got a letter from her sister.
(3) 某些时间和地点状语要作相应的调整：
Joe said:"I arrived yesterday(this morning, two days ago)."
Joe said he arrived the day before(that morning, two days before).
2. 在把特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除了要把时态、代词、状语作相应的调整外，还要注意把问句的语序改为陈述句语序。 如：
"What are you looking for, Tom?" Anne asked.
Anne asked Tom what he was looking for.
3. 在把一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除了上述各点外，还要注意在间接引语前用连词whether或if。如：
"Have you finished reading the book,George?" Betty asked.
Betty asked whether(if) George had finished reading the book.
4. 在把祈使句由直接引语变为间接引语时，要用ask,tell,order等词，三者代表不同的口气（请求、让步、命令），如何选用要根据原话口气决定。 如：
"Don't be late again, Frank," the teacher said.
The teacher told Frank not to be late again.
(二) 破折号的用法
1. 破折号用来表示思想上突然的中断或转移。 如：
I assure you that I－but you would not understand.我向你保证我－可你不会理解的。（表示思想的突然中断）
2. 有时与括号相似，但不如括号正式。 如：Mary comes every week －on Tuesday－to help with the laundry.玛丽每个星期－每星期二－都来帮忙洗衣服。
3. 破折号常用来表示句子没有结束。 如：The little boy counted one,two,three,four－and then stopped. 小男孩数了一、二、三、四－然后停住了。
4. 破折号有时表示附加或补充。 如：The gave him a new camera for Christmas－and a film to go with it.他们给了他一架新照相机作为圣诞礼物－还带有一卷胶卷。
5. 破折号有时用来解释上文。 如：He bought a house just outside the town－a magnificent building. 他在紧靠城外买了一栋房子－一栋豪华的建筑。
6. 破折号有时相当于冒号，但不如冒号正式。 如：He has only one interest－music.他只有一项兴趣－音乐。
责任编辑：sealion1986
