20.Of the following sentences, which is most likely to
have immediately preceded the passage?
(A) Few composers of gospel music drew on traditions
such as the spiritual in creating their songs.
(B) Spirituals and Black gospel music were derived
from the same musical tradition.
(C) The creation and singing of spirituals, practiced by
Black Americans before the Civil War, continued
after the war.
(D) Spirituals and gospel music can be clearly
distinguished from one another.
(E) Improvisation was one of the primary charac-
teristics of the gospel music created by Black
musicians.
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist
Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates
chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the
Arrhenius equation, chemical reaction are increasingly
(5) unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero,
and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273
degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experi-
mental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equa-
tion is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical
(10)reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at tem-
peratures closer to zero a quantum- mechanical effect known
as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chem-
ical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classi-
cal chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can "tunnel"
(15)through the barriers of repulsive forces from other mole-
cules and chemically react even though these molecules do
not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry,
to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the tem-
(20)perature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very
important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any
molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-
called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corre-
sponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of
(25)one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical
chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by
going over the potential barrier between the wells, the
height of which remains constant and is called the activa-
tion energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting mole-
(30)cules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another
well without having to rise over the barrier between the
two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept
of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which
tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transi-
(35)tions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum
counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures
suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life:
the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the
(40)deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach
only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy pro-
tons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of
simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in
dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic
(45)molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means
of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and
Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar form-
aldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides
such as cellulose and starch. Theirconclusions, although
(50)strongly disputed, have generated excitement among inves-
tigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic
clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of
compounds necessary to life occurred.
21.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing how the principles of classical chem-
istry were developed
(B) initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical
reactions required for the development of life
(C) explaining how current research in chemistry may be
related to broader biological concerns
(D) reconciling opposing theories about chemical reac-
tions
(E) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of clas-
sical chemistry
22.According to the passage, classical chemical reactions
and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the fol-
lowing ways?
(A) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have
to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
(B) In both types of reactions, a transition is made
from the bottom of one potential well to the
bottom of another.
(C) In neither type of reaction does the height of the
barrier between the wells remain constant.
(D) In neither type of reaction does the rate of a
chemical reaction depend on its activation
energy.
(E) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are
able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
23. According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in
the passage, which of the following statements about
chemical reactions is true?
(A) Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at tem-
peratures close to absolute zero.
(B) In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is
related to temperature and in other cases it is
not.
(C) Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few
degrees above absolute zero, but they are very
unpredictable.
(D) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many
other factors besides temperature.
(E) Chemical reaction rate and temperature are not
related.
24.The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-
history of life can best be described as
(A) neutral
(B) skeptical
(C) mildly positive
(D) very supportive
(E) pointedly critical
25.The author’s hypothesis concerning be cold prehistory
of life would be most weakened if which of the follow-
ing were true?
(A)Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of
simple molecules.
(B)Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of tem-
peratures around zero degrees Kelvin.
(C)The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be
activated by means other than cosmic rays.
(D)Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of
tunneling.
(E)Classical chemical reactions do not occur at tem-
peratures close to absolute zero.
26.Which of the following best describes the hypothesis
of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the
passage?
(A) Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex
organic molecules.
(B) The galactic clouds are the places where prebio-
logical evolution of compounds necessary to life
occurred.
(C) Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by
tunneling.
(D) Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve
into complex organic molecules.
(E) Complex organic molecules can be synthesized
from stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and
starch.
27.Which of the following best describes the organization
of the first two paragraphs of the passage?
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical
chemistry and then describes the research from
which that principle was developed.
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to
the principles of classical chemistry and then
explains the process of a chemical reaction to
show there is in fact no contradiction.
(C) the author describes the role of heat in chemical
reactions and then offers a detailed explanation
of its function.
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in
order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction
that differs from it and then explains the essen-
tial difference between the two.
(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of clas-
sical chemistry in order to introduce an explana-
tion of a specific chemical reaction.
28. PREFACE:
(A) improvisation
(B) burlesque
(C) epilogue
(D) tangent
(E) backdrop
29. DEBILITATE:
(A) implicate
(B) invigorate
(C) obfuscate
(D) realign
(E) encumber
30. TASTY:
(A) uninteresting
(B) unfamiliar
(C) unexpected
(D) understated
(E) undervalued
31. ABNEGATE:
(A) refresh
(B) reaffirm
(C) relieve
(D) react
(E) reform
32. SERRIED:
(A) partially formed
(B) widely separated
(C) narrowly missed
(D) extremely grateful
(E) reasonably clean
33. BOMBASTIC:
(A) unflappable
(B) uninspired
(C) unpretentious
(D) inscrutable
(E) incisive
34. BANAL:
(A) comfortable
(B) novel
(C) equal
(D) fatal
(E) competent
35. LANGUISH:
(A) agitate
(B) wander
(C) relieve
(D) discomfit
(E) thrive
36. ENNUI:
(A) intimidation
(B) sleaze
(C) faint recollection
(D) keen interest
(E) deep reservation
37.DAUNTLESS:
(A) sophomoric
(B) trifling
(C) pusillanimous
(D) specious
(E) parsimonious
38.TEMERITY:
(A) credibility
(B) authority
(C) celebrity
(D) acrimony
(E) circumspection
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