When the local sugar beet industry*5 collapsed in 1902（看到时间，知道肯定是接着往下讲后面的阶段）, the Issei began to lease land*7 from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping (sharecrop: v.作佃农耕种) agreements*7C（第三个阶段）. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together*4 to form farming corporations*4B（第四个阶段）. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community*5A. Unfortunately（古怪的语言）, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913*3. But（转折） immigrants could circumvent规避，绕开 such exclusionary排他性的 laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s*3D names.
总结和评论Nakane’s case study (case study: n.个案研究) of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable（小+） information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however（极端转折）, too particularistic（大-）特定化 (particularism: a tendency to explain complex social phenomena in terms of a single causative factor).下面讲负评价的原因 This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. （后面讲将来的改善，可能会出改善题）Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主题题（写法性）
(A) defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to California
(B) dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed
(C) summarize and critique中性的评价 a history of an early Japanese settlement in California评述某人理论
(D) compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements throughout California（C）
(E) examine the differences between Japanese and Chinese immigrants to central California in the 1890’s
2. Which of the following best describes a “labor club,”*2 as defined in the passage?
(A) An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley
(B) An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses”
(C) A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
(D) A cooperative association whose members were dues-paying*2D Japanese laborers（D）
(E) A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged
责任编辑：虫虫
