(2) Works
a. The Rise of Silas Lapham
b. A Chance Acquaintance
c. A Modern Instance
(3) Features of His Works
a. Optimistic tone
b. Moral development/ethics
c. Lacking of psychological depth
2. Henry James
(1) Life
(2) Literary career: three stages
a. 1865~1882: international theme
The American
Daisy Miller
The Portrait of a Lady
b. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays
Daisy Miller (play)
c. 1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme
The Turn of the Screw
When Maisie Knew
The Ambassadors
The Wings of the Dove
The Golden Bowl
(3) Aesthetic ideas
a. The aim of novel: represent life
b. Common, even ugly side of life
c. Social function of art
d. Avoiding omniscient point of view
(4) Point of view
a. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness
b. Psychological realism
c. Highly-refined language
(5) Style – “stylist”
a. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate
b. Vocabulary: large
c. Construction: complicated, intricate
3. Mark Twain (see next section)
Local Colorism
1860s, 1870s~1890s
I. Appearance
1. uneven development in economy in America
2. culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists
3. magazines appeared to let writer publish their works
II. What is “Local Colour”?
Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.
Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)
Garland, Harte – the west
Eggleston – Indiana
Mrs Stowe
Jewett – Maine
Chopin – Louisiana
III. Mark Twain – Mississippi
1. life
2. works
(1) The Gilded Age
(2) “the two advantages”
(3) Life on the Mississippi
(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
(5) The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug
3. style
(1) colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects
(2) local colour
(3) syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical
(4) humour
(5) tall tales (highly exaggerated)
(6) social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)
IV. Comparison of the three “giants” of American Realism
1. Theme
Howells – middle class
James – upper class
Twain – lower class
2. Technique
Howells – smiling/genteel realism
James – psychological realism
Twain – local colourism and colloquialism
Chapter 4 American Naturalism
I. Background
1. Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”
2. Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”
3. French Naturalism: Zora
II. Features
1. environment and heredity
2. scientific accuracy and a lot of details
3. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the society
III. significance
It prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.
IV. Theodore Dreiser
1. life
2. works
(1) Sister Carrie
(2) The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic
(3) Jennie Gerhardt
(4) American Tragedy
(5) The Genius
3. point of view
(1) He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless, survive.
(2) Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.
(3) No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.
4. Sister Carrie
(1) Plot
(2) Analysis
5. Style
(1) Without good structure
(2) Deficient characterization
(3) Lack in imagination
(4) Journalistic method
(5) Techniques in painting
Chapter 5 The Modern Period
Section 1 The 1920s
I. Introduction
The 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature.
The nicknames for this period:
(1) Roaring 20s – comfort
(2) Dollar Decade – rich
(3) Jazz Age – Jazz music
II. Background
1. First World War – “a war to end all wars”
(1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society.
(2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.
2. wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)
3. Freud’s theory
III. Features of the literature
Writers: three groups
(1) Participants
(2) Expatriates
(3) Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookers
Two areas:
(1) Failure of communication of Americans
(2) Failure of the American society
Imagism
I. Background
Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”
II. Development: three stages
1. 1908~1909: London, Hulme
2. 1912~1914: England -> America, Pound
3. 1914~1917: Amy Lowell
III. What is an “image”?
An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.
IV. Principles
1. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;
2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;
3. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.
V. Significance
1. It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the new century.
2. It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but for modern poetry as a whole.
3. The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their first lessons in the poetic art.
4. It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.
VI. Ezra Pound
1. life
2. literary career
3. works
(1) Cathay
(2) Cantos
(3) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
4. point of view
(1) Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiter and the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and became the prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dump the old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.
(2) To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothing but “intangible bondage”.
(3) Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strength and wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.
(4) He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, suffering from spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the most part of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which could help to save the West.
5. style: very difficult to read
Pound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult in some sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of the long poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they have conquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.
6. Contribution
He has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.
7. The Cantos – “the intellectual diary since 1915”
Features:
(1) Language: intricate and obscure
(2) Theme: complex subject matters
(3) Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rules
VII. T. S. Eliot
1. life
2. works
(1) poems
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
The Waste Land (epic)
Hollow Man
Ash Wednesday
Four Quarters
(2) Plays
Murder in the Cathedral
Sweeney Agonistes
The Cocktail Party
The Confidential Clerk
(3) Critical essays
The Sacred Wood
Essays on Style and Order
Elizabethan Essays
The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms
After Strange Gods
3. point of view
(1) The modern society is futile and chaotic.
(2) Only poets can create some order out of chaos.
(3) The method to use is to compare the past and the present.
4. Style
(1) Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm
(2) Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions
(3) Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges
5. The Waste Land: five parts
(1) The Burial of the Dead
(2) A Game of Chess
(3) The Fire Sermon
(4) Death by Water
(5) What the Thunder Said
VIII. Robert Frost
1. life
2. point of view
(1) All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through poetry. “a momentary stay against confusion”.
(2) He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.
(3) Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man could find harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usually amid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as “significant toil”.
3. works – poems
the first: A Boy’s Will
collections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire
4. style/features of his poems
(1) Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.
(2) He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.
(3) Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modern poets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition.
IX. e. e. cummings
“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” – individualism, “painter poet”
Novels in the 1920s
I. F. Scott Fitzgerald
1. life – participant in 1920s
2. works
(1) This Side of Paradise
(2) Flappers and Philosophers
(3) The Beautiful and the Damned
(4) The Great Gatsby
(5) Tender is the Night
(6) All the Sad Young Man
(7) The Last Tycoon
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