试题解答(2)
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)
1.根据“‘Man’”部分第一段“Man once was a truly generic word referring to all humans，but has gradually narrowed in meaning to become a word that refers to adult male human beings. Anglo-Saxons used the word to refer to all people. One example of this occurs when an Anglo- Saxon writer refers to a seventh-century English princess as‘a wonderful man.’”可见，“man”这个词最初是泛指所有人的，到了17世纪还有作家把公主描述成“a wonderful man。”。故此句判断为YES。
2.由“‘Man’”部分第二段中的“By the 18th century，the modern，narrow sense of man was firmly established as the predominant one...Jefferson had to be using the word men in its principal sense of“males，”and it probably never occurred to him that anyone would think otherwise。”可知到了18世纪“man”这个词已经狭义指男性了。接着作者举了两个例子。第二个例子是杰斐逊的《独立宣言》。由于当时女性没有选举权，杰斐逊所用的“man”是专指男性的。故此句判断为NO。
3.由“The Pronoun Problem”部分第二段最后一句“In 1879，for example，a move to admit female physicians to the all-male Massachusetts Medical Society was effectively blocked on the grounds that the society's by-laws describing membership used the pronoun he。”可知拒绝女医生加入协会的原因是该协会的细则在描述其成员时用的是代词“he”。因此；原文只是说明了拒绝接纳女成员的原因，并没有提及多少人被拒之门外。故信息不充分。此句判断为NOT GIVEN。
4.根据“The Pronoun Problem”部分第一段第一、二句“The first grammars of modern English were written in the 16th and 17th centuries.They were mainly，intended to help boys from upper class families prepare for the study of Latin，a language most scholars considered superior to English。”可知现代英语的语法最初写于16、17世纪，是为了上流社会家庭的男孩于学习拉丁语而写的。故此句判断为YES。
5.由“‘Man’”部分第一段第三句“Man paralleled the Latin word homo，‘a member of the human species，’not vir，‘an adult male of the species.’”。可知此题正确答案为“a member of the human species”。
6.由“‘Man’”部分第二段倒数第二句“Studies of college students and school children indicate that even when the broad definitions of‘man’and‘men’are taught, they tend to conjure up images of male people only。”可见即使教学生了解了这两个词的广义含义是指泛指人，他们仍然还是只想到男性。故本题正确答案为“male people only。”
7.由“The Pronoun Problem”部分第二段第一句“‘He’started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using ‘they’as a singular pronoun。”可知语法学家用“he”来作泛指代词是试图改变用“they”来作单数代词的传统。故此题正确答案为“a singular pronoun”。
8.由“The Pronoun Problem”部分第三段第二句“Studies have confirmed that most people understand‘he’to refer to men only。”可见人们看到代词“he”想到的只是男性。故此题答案为“men only”。
9.由“Solving the Pronoun Problem”部分第一段中的“Most people，when writing and speaking informally，rely on singular they as a matter of course...Some people are annoyed by the incorrect grammar that this solution necessitates，but this construction is used more and more frequently。”可见人们经常把“they”用作单数代词来解决代词的性别歧视问题。尽管有人认为这种用法不合语法，但它的使用频率越来越高。故本题的正确答案是“the incorrect grammar”。
10.由“Solving the Pronoun Problem”部分第三段中的“Pluralizing—A writer can often recast material in the plural.For Instance，instead of‘As he advances in his program，the medical student has increasing opportunities for clinical work，’try‘As they advance in their program，medical students have increasing opportunities for clinical work.’”可见避免代词的性别歧视的另一个方法是用复数替代单数。故此句正确答案为“the plural”。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension(听力原文在光盘中)
Tape Script of Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D)， and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
11.W: How do you like the play?
M: Oh, I've seen worse。
Q: What does the man mean?
12.M: What's happening with the new library building?
W: The work crew is just finishing it up。
Q: What does the woman say about the library?
13. M: I'm not quite sure how to use this calculator you lent me. I dropped it, and now the on-button doesn't light up。
W: Oh, that's okay, it hasn't been working right for some time now。
Q: What was the man's problem?
14.M: The city is going to tear down those old houses and put up a new shopping center。
W: Another shopping center, that's nothing new。
Q: What does the woman mean?
15.W: Do you know anyone who would do some typing on short notice?
M: How big is the job?
Q: What does the man want to know?
16.W: I suggest we go to the concerts for the weekend。
M: Whatever you decide is fine with me。
Q: What does the man mean?
17. W: I am sorry I am having trouble reading my notes. Did you say three lunches in that first paragraph?
M: No. I said free lunches, the children don’t have to pay for them. And there are many lunches involved, you know, a lot more than three。
Q. What did the man say about the lunches?
18. W: If Tom and Marry don’t come to the party, I’ll have 13.
M: Let’s invite two more just in case。
Q: If everyone comes, how many will be at the party?
Now you’ll hear two long conversations。
Conversation One
M: Hello, how can I help you?
W: My son isn't feeling well and I'd like to get some advice。
M: What seems to be the problem?
W: Well, he has been coughing for several days now. I'm wondering if he should come in and see the doctor。
M: How old is he?
W: He is 3 years old。
M: Does he have any other symptoms like fever, runny nose, or loss of appetite?
W: No, actually other than the cough, he seems healthy. I am concerned though, because some of his sister's friends have whooping cough and I know that it can be very contagious. Isn't that a pretty serious illness?
M: It can be serious with babies. Has your son been immunized against whooping cough?
W:I'm not sure. He did get all of the suggested vaccinations. I will look it up in our records。
M:If he has been immunized recently, it is very unlikely that he would catch whooping cough, even if he has been exposed。
W: Sounds like I don't have to worry about that, but what shall I do about his cough?
M:It will help if you give him lots of fluids and a hot bath before bedtime. Keep an eye on the cough to watch to see if it gets worse. Call us again if he has a fever or if you are still concerned。
W: Thanks for your advice。
M: You are welcome. Good-bye。
W: Bye-bye。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. What’s wrong with the child?
20. Why is the mother worried about the child’s cough?
21. Why does the doctor think that it is unlikely for the child to catch the whooping cough?
22. Which of the following is not a suggestion the doctor gives to the mother?
Conversation Two
W: Can you tell me some of your strong points?
M: With my qualifications and experience, I feel I am hardworking, responsible and diligent in any thing I do。
W: Give me a brief introduction of your current job experience。
M:I have been working as a computer programmer for five years. To be specific, I do system analysis, trouble shooting and provide software support。
W: What have you done for your current organization？
M:I have finished three new projects, and I am sure I can apply my experience to this position。
W: What makes you think you would be a success in this position？
M:My graduate school training along with my internship should qualify me for this job. I am sure I will be successful。
W: Do you work well under stress or pressure？
M: I can deal with it well since it is quite common in my current position.
W: What leadership qualities did you have？
M: I feel that learning how to motivate people and to work together as a team will be the major goal of my leadership。
W:How do you deal with the trouble you have with your colleagues in your work?
M: I will try to present my ideas in a more clear and open way in order to get my points across。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. What is the relationship between the two speakers?
24. What is the profession of the man?
25. What is the major goal of leadership according to the dialogue?
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
Passage One
Job-seeking skills research clearly proves that employers focus on four areas during an interview: 1) attitude, which counts approximately 40 percent; 2) appearance, 25 percent; 3) communication skills (verbal and nonverbal)， 25 percent; and 4) job skill qualifications, 10 percent. Does this surprise you? When you analyze it, it shouldn't。
Remember, you are screened into the interview on the basis of your resume, cover letter, and application for employment, which outline your education, work experience, and qualifications for the job. The interview, which usually lasts from 20 to 40 minutes, does not provide adequate time for employers to evaluate this kind of background information. Employers request this data beforehand so that they may have the time necessary to read and review your background as it relates to the job, and to compare it with information submitted by other applicants。
The employer's purpose for giving you an interview is to get to know you as a person. This is why your attitude is the most important determinant of your success in the interview. Likewise, your appearance is the very first thing the interviewer will evaluate — and first impressions do make lasting impressions. Of course, job skill qualifications also count during the interview, and it is your responsibility to make certain your qualifications for the job are clearly covered during the interview。
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. What is the most important element that will determine your success in the interview?
27. What is the employer's purpose for giving you an interview?
28. Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?
Passage Two
Social Security is one of the great moral achievements of American government. For almost 70 years, it has kept millions of elderly citizens out of poverty and assured young Americans of a secure future. The Social Security system is essential, yet it faces a long-term problem。
While benefits for today's seniors are secure, the system is headed towards bankruptcy down the road. Each year there are more retirees taking money out of the system, and not enough additional workers to support them。
In the 1950s, there were about 16 workers paying for every Social Security beneficiary. Today, there are about three. And eventually, there will only be two workers per beneficiary. These changes signal a looming danger. In the year 2018, for the first time ever, Social Security will pay out more in benefits than the government collects in payroll taxes. And the gaps will grow larger each year leading to the bankruptcy of the system。
Therefore, Social Security is not a personal savings plan. Benefits paid to today's retirees come directly from the taxes paid by today's workers. The crisis in Social Security can be avoided by emphasizing several principles. First, nothing will change for those who are receiving Social Security and for those who are near retirement. Secondly, payroll taxes will not increase, because higher taxes would slow economic growth. More efforts must be made to use the power of compound interest, by giving younger workers the option to save some of their payroll taxes in a personal account, which government cannot take away。
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. When was the Social Security system established in America?
30. Why is the Social Security facing a looming danger?
31. What can be done to avoid the crisis in Social Security?
Passage Three
Today, I would like to begin by discussing early European settlement along one of our well-known rivers, the Hudson, which empties into the Atlantic to form New York bay. The Hudson river has a couple of interesting physical features that made it very attractive for settlement by the Europeans. The first is that river extends inland from the Atlantic Ocean for more than 150 miles with no waterfalls or rapids. Its surface is virtually flat for that entire distance, with no obstacles. Second, the whole 150-mile stretch is influenced by tides from the Atlantic Ocean. Roughly every six hours, the river reverses direction, flowing north when the tide is rising and south toward the ocean when the tide is going down. Obviously there were no obstacles to prevent settlers from moving further upstream on the Hudson river and this explains why the Dutch penetrated so far inland. They were the first Europeans to settle in the Hudson valley. Of course, to go upstream, the Dutch settlers needed the right kind of boat, and so to navigate the river, they design a sloop with only one mast but two sails, one rigged in front of the mast and one behind. The mast was very tall, in many cases over 100 feet tall, so that the large sails could catch winds blowing above the shore line hills. Hudson river sloops carried passengers and cargo. The cargo ranging from coal, lumber and hay to fruit, vegetables and livestock. Traveling only ten miles an hour in a good wind, the sloop was not too speedy by modern standards, but it was ideally suited to the Dutch settlement, and in fact when the steam boat eventually was introduced, it couldn't keep up with the sloop。
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32. What attracted the Europeans to the Hudson river area?
33. What is the characteristic of the first 150 miles inland on the Hudson river?
34. How do tides from the Atlantic Ocean influence the Hudson river?
35. According to the speaker, why did Hudson river sloops have tall masts?
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written。
Today I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before the pioneering films of D. W. Griffith, film makers were limited by several misguided questions of the era. According to one, the camera was always fixed at a viewpoint corresponding to that of the spectator in the theatre, a position now known as the long shot. It was another convention that the position of the camera never changed in the middle of a scene. In last week's films, we saw how Griffith ignored both these limiting conventions and brought the camera closer to the actor。
This shot, now known as a full shot, was considered revolutionary at the time. For Love of Gold, was the name of the film in which the first use of the full shot. After progressing from a long shot to the full shot, the next logical step for Griffith was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the close-up. The close-up had been used before though only rarely and merely as a visual stunt, as for example, in Edqaed Asport's The Great Train Robbery, which was made in 1903.
But not until 1908 in Griffith's movie called After Many Years was the dramatic potential of the close-up exploited. In the scene from After Many Years that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close-up of Annie Lee's worried face as she awaits her husband's return. In 1908, this close-up shocked everyone in the Biogress Studio. But Griffith had no time for argument. He had another surprise even more radical to offer. Immediately following close-up of Annie, he inserted a picture of the object of her thought--her husband cast sway on a desert aisle. This cutting from one scene to another without finishing either of them brought a torrent of criticism on the experiments。
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