英语语法辅导:英语语法ABC (3)
来源:优易学  2010-1-12 16:27:19   【优易学:中国教育考试门户网】   资料下载   外语书店

  【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分?
  【答】句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。 英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、宾语补足语()、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)。
  (注意:谓语是句子的生命。英语句子中没有谓语动词必定是错误的句子(“省略”部分除外)。英语句子不管主句还是从句,只能允许一个动词,其他用动词的非谓语形式出现。汉语里没有表语,这是英语和汉语句子成分划分的不同点。在六种基本成分中,宾语补助语复杂一点,定语难度大一点。宾语补助语复杂在于能够作宾语补助语的情况很多,且容易与目的状语相混淆,要记的语法点知识较多,加上学生对形式主语、实际主语、联合主语、逻辑主语概念不清,所以有时候越听越糊涂。定语没有学好,到了初三和高中,定语从句又会听不懂。务必把这些基本知识概念弄懂,基础打牢。可不要指望一次听课就能听懂记住,有个“悟”的过程,“悟空”意思是“悟后而空”,“空”即“自由自在”,驾驭自由)
  【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词类及短语充当?(有的地方要学了非谓语形式和时态才能听得懂)
  【答】
  1.主语:是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。(以后学到从句,那么从句也可充当主语)
  如: The car is running fast.(名词)
  We are students.(代词)
  One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)
  It’s bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)
  Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
  【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,则真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
  2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。
  如:He works in a factory.(实义动词)
  I felt cold.(系动词+表语)
  How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)
  Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)
  They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词)
  【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。  
  3.宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。
  如:He is doing his homework.(名词)
  They did nothing this morning.(代词)
  She wants to go home.(不定式)
  We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
  【注意】
  ①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass, tell,leave等。如:
  He bought me a book.
  Pass me the ball,will you?(间宾+直宾)
  直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如:
  Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)
  Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)
  ②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish, hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。如:I hope to see you again.
  ③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep(on)等。如:Do you mind my opening the window?
  ④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
  a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”,forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如:
  Don’t forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)的美女编辑们
  I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
  b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
  原来的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如:
  I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
  The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)
  4.定语:用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如:
  What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)
  She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
  There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
  We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
  The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
  【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语,则放在后面。
  5.状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。如:
  Thank you very much.(副词)
  I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)
  He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
  We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
  【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如: He is old enough to go to school.
  6.表语:用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。常与连系动词be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become, smell,turn,taste(尝起来)连用构成谓语部分。如:
  They are workers.(名词)

  That’s all I want to say. (代词)
  Two and three is five.(数词)
  The story is very interesting.(形容词)
  The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
  Our plan is to finish the task in two weeks. (不定式)
  To do this is to say to cut your feet to fit your shoes. (不定式)
  My job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)
  The theory is very convincing (分词)
  She is at home.(介词短语)
  7.宾语补足语:有些及物动词带来直接宾语后,意思仍不完整,需要由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语等加以补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份、特征等,这种成分称之为宾语补足语。一般位于宾语之后,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间具有逻辑的主谓关系。需接复合宾语的动词有很多,其中tell,let,help,teach, ask,see,have,order,make等9个词要背出来记得住。如:
  We elected him monitor.(名词)
  I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)
  We opened the windows to let fresh air in. (in是副词)
  The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
  We call this process testing. (动名词)
  They saw a bird flying in the sky. (现在分词)
  He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)

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