SECTION IV
Time 35 minutes 25 Questions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages.
1. With the passage of the new tax reform law, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above?
(A) Tax reform, by simplifying the tax code, will save many people the expense of having an accountant do their taxes.
(B) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers.
(C) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform.
(D) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct child-care expenses from their taxes.（B）
(E) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no longer be required to do so.
2. If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system, our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of Mars’s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The flight times to each are the same, but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in Space exploration.
Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirement?
(A) More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars.
(B) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships.
(C) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars.
(D) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance Between Earth and Mars.（E）
(E) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos weaker gravitational pull.
3. Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence. As measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers.
(B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received.
(C) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports.
(D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration.（C）
(E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers.
4. It is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than is private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant morality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior.
Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine?
(A) The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the systems allowing greater access to medical care.
(B) There is no necessary connection between the economic system of socialism and technological achievement.
(C) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children.
(D) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, “socialized” and “private-sector.”（A）
(E) The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the argument seeks to establish.
5. Most parents who are generous are good parents, but some self-centered parents are also good parents. Yet all good parents share one characteristic: they are good listeners.
If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
(A) All parents who are good listeners are good parents.
(B) Some parents who are good listeners are not good parent.
(C) Most parents who are good listeners are generous.
(D) Some parents who are good listeners are self-centered.（D）
(E) Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents are good listeners.
6. Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day.
Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra’s recommendation?
(A) Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a day.
(B) The more a food is processed, the more the fiber is broken down and the lower the fiber content.
(C) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are economical and readily available.
(D) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis.（A）
(E) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are popular with consumers.
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